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social geography
Social geography is the branch of human geography that is most closely related to social theory in general and sociology in particular, dealing with the relation of social phenomena and its spatial components. Though the term itself has a tradition of more than 100 years,〔Dunbar, Gary S. (1977): Some Early Occurrences of the Term "Social Geography". ''Scottish Geographical Journal'' 93 (1): 15-20.〕 there is no consensus on its explicit content.〔Smith, Susan J. et al. (2010): Introduction: Situating Social Geographies. In: Smith, Susan J. et al. (eds.): The Sage Handbook of Social Geographies. London (Sage): 1-39 ().〕 In 1968, Anne Buttimer noted that "()ith some notable exceptions, (...) social geography can be considered a field created and cultivated by a number of individual scholars rather than an academic tradition built up within particular schools".〔Buttimer, Anne (1968): Social geography. In: Sills, David (ed.): International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. New York (MacMillan): 134-145 ().〕 Since then, despite some calls〔Peter Jackson (1983): Social geography: Convergence and Compromise. ''Progress in Human Geography'' 7 (1): 116-121.〕 for convergence centred on the structure and agency debate,〔Gregory, Derek (1981): Human Agency and Human Geography. ''Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers'' 6 (1): 1-18.〕 its methodological, theoretical and topical diversity has spread even more, leading to numerours definitions of social geography〔Eyles, John (1986): Introduction: Diffusion and Convergence? In: Eyles, John (ed.): Social Geography in International perspective. Barnes & Noble: 1-12 ().〕 and, therefore, contemporary scholars of the discipline identifying a great variety of different ''social geographies''.〔Smith, Susan J. et al. (2010): 3.〕 However, as Benno Werlen remarked,〔Werlen, Benno (2008): Sozialgeographie: Eine Einführung (3. ed.). Bern et al. (Haupt). () 〕 these different perceptions are nothing else than different answers to the same two (sets of) questions, which refer to the spatial constitution of society on the one hand, and to the spatial expression of social processes on the other.〔Jackson, Peter (1987): The Idea of 'Race' and the Geography of Racism. In: Jackson, Peter (ed.): Race and Racism: Essays in Social geography. London (Allen & Unwin): 3-18 ().〕〔The outline of these questions is basically of dialectical purpose, and, in its original context, wasn't used as a subject's definition. (Cf. Jackson, Peter (2003): Introduction: The Social in Question. In: Anderson, Kay et al. (eds.) (2003): Handbook of Cultural Geography. London et al. (Sage): 37-42.) Also note that Werlen's original two questions that social geography has to answer slightly differ from these two, and that Buttimer (1968: 135) provides another two of such questions.〕
The different conceptions of social geography have also been overlapping with other sub-fields of geography and, to a lesser extent, sociology. When the term emerged within the Anglo-American tradition during the 1960s, it was basically applied as a synonym for the search for patterns in the distribution of social groups, thus being closely connected to urban geography and urban sociology.〔Johnston, Ron (1987): Theory and Methodology in Social Geography. In: Pacione, Michael (ed.): Social Geography: Progress and Prospect. London (Croom Helm): 1-30 ().〕 In the 1970s, the focus of debate within American human geography lay on political economic processes (though there also was a considerable number of accounts〔Ley, David (1977): Social Geography and the Taken-for-granted-World. ''Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers'' 2 (4): 498-512.〕 for a phenomenological perspective on social geography),〔Jackson, Peter (1981): Phenomenology and Social Geography. ''Area'' 13 (4): 299-305.〕 while in the 1990s, geographical thought was heavily influenced by the "cultural turn". Both times, as Neil Smith noted, these approaches "claimed authority over the 'social'".〔Smith, Neil (2000): Socializing Culture, Radicalizing the Social. ''Social & Cultural Geography'' 1 (1): 25-28 ().〕 In the American tradition, the concept of cultural geography has a much more distinguished history than social geography, and encompasses research areas that would be conceptualized as "social" elsewhere.〔Del Casino Jr., Vincent J. and Sallie A. Marston (2006): Social Geography in the United States: Everywhere and Nowhere. ''Social & Cultural Geography'' 7 (6): 995-1006 ().〕 In contrast, within some continental European traditions, social geography was and still is considered an approach to human geography rather than a sub-discipline,〔for the German-language geography, see Bartels, Dietrich and Thomas K. Peucker (1969): Annals Commentary: German Social Geography, Again. ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'' 59 (3): 596-598.〕〔for a more detailed account on the German-language geography, see Bobek, Hans (1962): Über den Einbau der sozialgeographischen Betrachtungsweise in die Kulturgeographie. ''Verhandlungen des deutschen Geographentages'' 33: 148-166. 〕 or even as identical to human geography in general.〔for the Dutch-language geography, see Cools, R.H.A. (1943): De ontwikkeling der sociale geografie in Nederland. ''Sociaal-geographische Mededeelingen'' 2 (3): 130-153. Cited by: Thomale, Eckhard (1972): Sozialgeographie: Eine disziplingeschichtliche Untersuchung zur Entwicklung der Anthropogeographie. Marburg. () 〕
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